Chapter 12 ~ Resources and Sustainable Development

The contracting officer shall limit requests for sales data relating to commercial products or commercial services to data for the same or similar items during a relevant time period. Certified cost or pricing data shall not be obtained for acquisitions at or below the simplified acquisition threshold. This subpart prescribes the cost and price negotiation policies and procedures for pricing negotiated prime contracts and contract modifications, including modifications to contracts awarded by sealed bidding. The evaluation should include the past performance of offerors in complying with subcontracting plan goals for small disadvantaged business concerns (see subpart 19.7). The evaluation should take into account past performance information regarding predecessor companies, key personnel who have relevant experience, or subcontractors that will perform major or critical aspects of the requirement when such information is relevant to the instant acquisition. If the contracting officer chooses not to include price or cost as an evaluation factor for the contract award, in accordance with paragraph of this section, the contracting officer shall consider price or cost as one of the factors in the selection decision for each order placed under the contract.

This includes the merit and other review criteria that evaluators will use to judge applications, including any statutory, regulatory, or other preferences (e.g., minority status or Native American tribal preferences) that will be applied in the review process. These criteria are distinct from eligibility criteria that are addressed before an application is accepted for review and any program policy or other factors that are applied during the selection process, after the review process is completed. The intent is to make the application process transparent so applicants can make informed decisions when preparing their applications to maximize fairness of the process. The announcement should clearly describe all criteria, including any sub-criteria. If criteria vary in importance, the announcement should specify the relative percentages, weights, or other means used to distinguish among them. For statutory, regulatory, or other preferences, the announcement should provide a detailed explanation of those preferences with an explicit indication of their effect (e.g., whether they result in additional points being assigned).

Whats the average time frame for SMART goals?

However, the rate at which this happens is insignificantly small compared with the release of the CO2and H2O by the combustion of fossil fuels, so these materials should be viewed as being as non-renewable as metals are. Refers to how well the process of measurement reflects the important content of the domain of interest and is of particular concern when the purpose of the measurement is to draw inferences about a larger domain of interest. For instance, potential employees seeking jobs as computer programmers might be asked to complete an examination that requires them to write or interpret programs in the languages they would use on the job if hired. Due to time restrictions, only limited content and programming competencies may be included on such an examination, relative to what might actually be required for a professional programming job.

Provide technical audit advice and liaison assistance to auditees and auditors. Gasoline taxes, motor vehicle fees, and other taxes that are in effect user fees for benefits provided to the Federal Government are allowable. It is the IHE’s practice to similarly compensate students under Federal awards as well as other activities. The costs of transportation of the employee, members of his or her immediate family and his household, and personal effects to the new location. The charges are levied impartially on all items published by the journal, whether or not under a Federal award. The impact of Federal awards on the non-Federal entity’s business (i.e., what new problems have arisen). The nature and scope of the service rendered in relation to the service required.

The descriptions for each of these sampling subdivisions can be the same, and a statement indicating that the horizon has been subdivided only for sampling purposes can be added. The following guidelines can be used in assigning horizon designation symbols to soil horizons and layers. YyDominance of horizon by gypsumThis symbol indicates a horizon that is dominated by the presence of gypsum.

Soil Horizon

No reliable field methods are available for determining the amount of sulfides in marshes. A simple test to confirm the presence of sulfides uses 30% hydrogen peroxide to determine if rapid oxidation causes a significant decrease in pH as compared to a similar sample treated with water . The standard international unit of measure for EC is decisiemens per meter (dS/m) corrected to a temperature of 25 °C. (Millimhos per centimeter [mmhos/cm] are equivalent to dS/m, but this notation is not preferred.) Measured electrical conductivity is reported in soil descriptions.

• Charges for work performed on Federal awards by faculty members having only part-time appointments will be determined at a rate not in excess of that regularly paid for part-time assignments.
• Program income that the non-Federal entity did not anticipate at the time of the Federal award must be used to reduce the Federal award and non-Federal entity contributions rather than to increase the funds committed to the project.
• Designations show the describer’s interpretations of genetic relationships among the layers within a soil.
• The effective change is to get things done the fastest possible way without wasting any non-value added time yet perform the quality and requirement needed for the job from the resources including human available to the manager.
• The most commonly used charts include only about one fifth of the entire range of hues.1 They consist of about 250 different colored papers, or chips, systematically arranged on hue cards according to their Munsell notations.
• If the auditee has not completed corrective action, a timetable for follow-up should be given.

The suction gradient is small, and the driving force is reduced to near that of the gravitational gradient. If there is no ice and no zones of free water within moderate depths and if surface or near surface features (e.g., a crust) do not control infiltration, the minimum saturated hydraulic conductivity within a depth of ½ to 1 meter is a useful predictor of steady ponded infiltration rate. The vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity Ksat is the proportionality constant relating soil water flow rate to the hydraulic gradient and is a measure of the ease of water movement in soil. Resistance to water movement in saturated soil is primarily a function of the arrangement and size distribution of pores.

Transitional and Combination Horizons

For instance, in case where employees like to be directed then the manager should push to keep them motivated and make appropriate decisions since the authority is assumed unquestionable. The study also showed that employees are putting more efforts to sustain the business, and this fact created a bond that was not there prior to the economic crisis. Employees revealed far https://personal-accounting.org/ less security in their prediction for sustained employment at any given organization than they did in the past. In this study, employees are more afraid of job loss and are less confident about the likelihood of finding new employment than they had been prior to the economic crisis. Employees preferred job security to “finding the ideal job” by a margin of three to one.

This paper addressed the human resource and its effective change when it comes to economic crisis. A limiting factor of approaching employees during crisis had What is a book steadiness and an obtainable balance? a common excuse that they were overwhelmed with a lot to do in terms of sourcing materials, preparation and customer support because of the economic crisis.

Kinds of Near Surface Subzones

For instance, if a high school geometry test is judged by parents of the students taking the test to be a fair test of algebra, the test has good face validity. Face validity is important in establishing credibility; if you claim to be measuring students’ geometry achievement but the parents of your students do not agree, they might be inclined to ignore your statements about their children’s levels of achievement in this subject. In addition, if students are told they are taking a geometry test that appears to them to be something else entirely, they might not be motivated to cooperate and put forth their best efforts, so their answers might not be a true reflection of their abilities. Multiple-forms reliability is particularly important for standardized tests that exist in multiple versions. For instance, different forms of the SAT are calibrated so the scores achieved are equivalent no matter which form a particular student takes. Much of the theory of reliability was developed in the field of educational psychology, and for this reason, measures of reliability are often described in terms of evaluating the reliability of tests. However, considerations of reliability are not limited to educational testing; the same concepts apply to many other types of measurements, including polling, surveys, and behavioral ratings.

Either of these can result in depletion or exhaustion of the resource by so-called mining (a term more usually applied to a non-renewable resource). Moreover, the regional economic benefits of smaller harvests can be enhanced by taking steps to ensure that the manufactured outputs of resource-dependent industries focus more so on “value-added” products. In forestry, for example, the export of raw logs might be prohibited, while local manufacturing of value-added products such as lumber, furniture, and violins would be encouraged. Similarly, a regional fishing industry might focus on the production and export of higher-valued products, such as prepared foods, rather than unprocessed fish. These kinds of integrations of resource harvesting and manufacturing can optimize the regional economic benefits of resource-based industries, while allowing smaller, sustainable harvests of the resource to take place. In any case, however, the expression of many genetic factors is influenced by environmental conditions, various of which restrict productivity (Figure 12.1).

HIlluvial accumulation of organic matterThis symbol is used with B horizons to indicate the accumulation of illuvial, amorphous, dispersible complexes of organic matter and sesquioxides. The sesquioxide component is dominated by aluminum and is present only in very small quantities. In some horizons these coatings have coalesced, filled pores, and cemented the horizon. The symbol h is also used in combination with the symbol s (e.g., Bhs) if the amount of the sesquioxide component is significant but the value and chroma, moist, of the horizon are 3 or less. DPhysical root restrictionThis symbol indicates non-cemented, root-restricting layers in naturally occurring or human-made sediments or materials. Examples of natural layers are dense till and some non-cemented shales and siltstones.

Soil Water

Since the perception of the relative amount of force required to cause a sample to fail varies by individual, one should learn what the various classes of applied force feel like personally. The tactile sense of the class limits may be learned by applying force to top-loading scales and sensing the pressure through the tips of the fingers or through the ball of the foot.

Depending on the kind of soil material, laboratory retention at 5 or 10 kPa suction determines the upper water retention . A suction of 5 kPa is used for coarse soil material; a suction of 10 kPa is used for other material.

408 Solicitation provisions and contract clauses

In addition, some individual organisms may be very large, especially in the case of old-growth resources. For instance, old-growth forest of coastal British Columbia is typically dominated by large individuals of valuable tree species, which are coexisting with many smaller individuals .

Vertices are angular or subrounded; the tops of the prisms are somewhat indistinct and normally flat. Figure 3-17 shows a soil profile with prismatic structure in the subsoil.

Soil Structure

Overall thickness may vary within a pedon, and this variation should be noted in the description. A range in thickness may be given, e.g., “thickness ranges from 20 to 30 cm.” This range is not calculated from the range of upper and lower boundary depths. Instead, the range is calculated from evaluations across the exposure at different lateral points. For example, the upper boundary of a horizon may range in depth from 25 to 45 cm and the lower boundary from 50 to 75 cm. Taking the extremes of these two ranges, it is incorrect to conclude that the horizon thickness ranges from as little as 5 cm to as much as 50 cm when in fact it may be 20 to 30 cm in the field.

• Applicable discounts are only those discounts where it is both advantageous and within the agency’s control to claim them.
• The parent material inferred for the horizon in question, not the material below the solum, is used as the basis of comparison.
• Equipment needed is a standard chair with armrests, step stool of average height, ruler or yardstick, and slipper or shoe.
• Where identification with the materials received cannot readily be made, inbound transportation cost may be charged to the appropriate indirect (F&A) cost accounts if the non-Federal entity follows a consistent, equitable procedure in this respect.

The non-Federal entity assumes responsibility for administering Federal funds in a manner consistent with underlying agreements, program objectives, and the terms and conditions of the Federal award. Except where otherwise provided by statutes or regulations, the Federal awarding agency will charge interest on an overdue debt in accordance with the Federal Claims Collection Standards . The date from which interest is computed is not extended by litigation or the filing of any form of appeal. The Federal agency or pass-through entity must provide to the non-Federal entity a notice of termination. Has not, within 30 calendar days after being notified of the termination, informed the Federal awarding agency that it intends to appeal the Federal awarding agency’s decision to terminate.

For some crusts with closely spaced cracks, however, the specimens may be too small to make the test applicable. Originally, consistency was used in soil engineering to define degree of resistance to penetration by thumb or thumbnail . The engineering term was generalized for use in soil survey and called “consistence.” The set of tests to determine consistency, however, is different from those for consistence.

If the auditee has not completed corrective action, a timetable for follow-up should be given. Prior to issuing the management decision, the Federal agency or pass-through entity may request additional information or documentation from the auditee, including a request for auditor assurance related to the documentation, as a way of mitigating disallowed costs. The management decision should describe any appeal process available to the auditee. While not required, the Federal agency or pass-through entity may also issue a management decision on findings relating to the financial statements which are required to be reported in accordance with GAGAS. Costs incurred for freight, express, cartage, postage, and other transportation services relating either to goods purchased, in process, or delivered, are allowable. When such costs can readily be identified with the items involved, they may be charged directly as transportation costs or added to the cost of such items.

When a fixed rate is negotiated in advance for a fiscal year , the over- or under-recovery for that year may be included as an adjustment to the indirect (F&A) cost for the next rate negotiation. When the rate is negotiated before the carry-forward adjustment is determined, the carry-forward amount may be applied to the next subsequent rate negotiation.